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熊市会放大任何一个可能的利空,这次轮到stETH。 7 L f0 l! o1 _" C" X9 y$ Q
从上周五开始,市场上关于stETH脱钩清算的恐慌情绪持续蔓延,这其中很大一部分源于对stETH的不了解。对此,本文整理出关于stETH的8个常识,以降低大量误解带来的不必要影响。
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stETH不会是下一个UST 4 _1 y8 }& _# j5 j) x
stETH是质押在以太坊信标链上的ETH,且完全由信标链上的ETH1:1支持,即1枚stETH=1枚质押中的ETH。
+ n [& d3 q; P6 D* f当以太坊合并完成,且信标链开放提现功能时,用户持有1枚stETH可以兑换1枚ETH,因此任何将它与UST等抵押不足的稳定币的比较都是错误的。 0 K/ W' B% [8 h! |
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stETH不是GBTC 9 G/ \2 M' v' }! R, t
stETH是一种ERC20代币,在不断发展的DeFi生态系统中有很高的实用性。 7 r2 j3 L' P* W% v# v2 `
它自带一个原生的收益率,这是你单独持有ETH所不能获取的。市场里有很多人都愿意为此承担套利风险。
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, D2 ^6 L$ K8 ^stETH价格不一定与ETH挂钩 + Y* E3 L* Q7 Z0 y5 l0 D/ @& c
stETH与ETH并没有一个固定的挂钩率,无论二级市场的估值如何,它都会继续被质押。 ' w v7 x$ w0 V. @3 Z
现在能在二级市场上将stETH换成ETH只是为了方便,但同时你也会得到市场对它的估价。 % h# t2 A/ e, b( E C
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stETH存在套利机会 . S9 H* k# B* @" {- b
一般来说,只要存款没有上限,stETH就不会以高于1ETH的价格交易。 ; L, m# {( ]% o8 H
因为其中存在套利:
4 I8 _* Q$ A8 r" {如果1stETH=1.05ETH,那么我可以将1ETH存入Lido,得到1stETH,在二级市场以1.05ETH的价格出售,获利0.05ETH,这种方式也会推低stETH的价格。
5 J8 w9 D, V( c7 A( _当stETH的赎回开放后,市场有一个奏效的套利方式: P6 F/ ?. X2 O( k0 O% J4 {+ t
如果stETH以0.95ETH交易,那么我可以用0.95ETH买入1stETH,然后将其赎回1ETH,获得0.05ETH的利润,这种方式会推高stETH的价格。 6 z: x: j+ \0 e6 @0 b! n) M
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即使合并,赎回仍要等6-12个月 / f: K! o7 y2 q6 e* h9 Q
需要注意的是,以太坊合并之后,需要等待状态转换的分叉,这可能需要6-12个月,此时的stETH仍然无法从信标链中赎回ETH。赎回开放后,信标链上还有一个赎回队列,一次可以取消质押的ETH数量是有限制的。 5 B$ k) r' B" f; ~! |' p+ t
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影响stETH价格的四大因素 ' s- @7 l- S* [2 ?3 A$ x) _( k
有多种原因使stETH暂时高于/低于其抵押品价值,其中包括但不限于:
b( i; X" w& P6 |5 j3 M流动性溢价风险 Lido协议风险 信标链推迟风险 杠杆玩家清算风险
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引发stETH清算的原因
! _5 L/ h5 Y1 @8 {! ^5 t/ E# K杠杆清算风险是当前引发恐慌的最大原因。
- A* y: l& y. @' j# |: c前面提过,stETH是一个ERC20代币,可以在DeFi生态系统中用作抵押品,人们将stETH作为抵押品存入Aave,借入ETH,存入Lido以获取stETH,然后再重复这一过程。
( i- }+ I! z4 p% H% [' d% ]- [因此,如果人们继续在二级市场上卖出stETH,这些杠杆头寸可能会被清算,从而导致更大的清算级联。目前较大的做市商/操纵者已经退出,但仍有一些留在这里。 - u- ~5 A! l% ]$ _3 \0 x6 P4 d% K
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Celsius可能会也可能不会遇到流动性问题,但他们持有大量的stETH被用作借入稳定币的抵押品。如果出售,这肯定会导致stETH的二级市场价格下降。
( Y) d& L/ q# C7 V/ l# o4 a0 d0 r所有这一切的另一面是,无论二级市场如何评价stETH,stETH仍然被信标链上的ETH以1:1的比例支持。 ) Q! h5 C* T/ ?/ U+ a) C
根据您的时间偏好和风险承受能力,在低价时入手stETH会提高一定的收益水平。
' Y/ U! {2 p3 E. l* l8 L例如,如果1stETH的交易价格为0.70ETH(也就是30%的折扣),并且以太坊抵押收益率保持4%的APR。在以太坊成功合并且开放赎回功能的这两年里,你将获得38%的APR,而不是普通质押者8%的收益率(以太坊质押不会自动产生复利)。 7 H6 I- _( \; ~7 R5 \
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3-5%的负溢价是正常的 4 r7 {' v7 [- U' v/ N. Q0 K: U
那么,是否值得为了收益率而去冒Lido漏洞和流动性不足的风险? 4 n5 H6 P* \: M+ x8 F5 C# E
不是每个人都能接受,但某些套利者一定会做。虽然清算级联很惨,stETH的二级市场价格暂时不会是1:1ETH,但这并不会导致死亡螺旋。 2 t' O/ i Z9 i
我认为,等这波恐慌过去后,stETH可能仍会以低于抵押品价值的价格交易,可能是3-5%的负溢价,这在很大程度上取决于市场情绪。但无论如何,信标链将继续,DeFi会继续,Lido也会继续。 3 l7 d2 t) t& j% `1 n) u4 U
来源:金色财经 |
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