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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 - ^ }, t( ]8 o8 ~2 j5 L# h
) w) c4 Y7 j, a$ ]. s9 X天朝博弈史( s: {' V4 `1 q' a
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
( `. S" Y" j3 d许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
, b% X* Z6 \9 y1 i《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 6 z5 l! U# T& m! V
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. l ~" d _: R6 a→春秋战国
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8 j* i. q( w3 o9 n7 A2 k《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
# k9 l+ m* S7 H1 B《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 ( g. L0 U. d! H y; S
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” - e: E1 n# c7 {( \5 T6 d) ^; h) A
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。" F$ b9 k- S/ z& w
1 V$ E/ D9 b6 ~& Q0 G1 h《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
2 X$ K, l. r9 Z2 {& S- X+ r+ N! y; X* W1 @( d4 ~ e; Q& x
→汉朝" {' }: O( h5 \8 p
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛7 _5 b6 Y2 ]; ]* U1 o, k
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0 U- q ~. u' y7 W7 I. Y晋朝1 |3 M' v6 M+ f- g$ a
/ p' N- N+ a0 a4 P东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” z. y% J! s* ?
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4 O( a7 _, J+ c, f2 m唐朝* c1 Y2 E2 {& N
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →, r# }- u" n. s8 j. V
0 L: E& ?' Y: G宋朝: H4 L7 X! h9 I c( i0 l( l$ [
* A. w% S# P1 Y' k- I( ~( _ l北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
6 P+ N! T8 U, i" U+ _苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
1 e4 W6 W" |$ e: ]8 Q7 F% T
: L+ l# |: ]% _; X" l3 N《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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辽、金+ T! k! u" ]& m9 W6 `4 k* `
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”5 C$ C9 v4 p" j. F4 _$ X
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→
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! _ e5 d4 `& ?- a+ X5 f1 t5 i# S: s明朝" Q! C* H: w) [* a8 L
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明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。4 h* _4 n( `( r5 E" N; b. _
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→ d/ N8 v7 i' n* J+ N4 v% I( O4 K
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+ H, { ]5 r$ s' [0 C2 b) R清朝
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4 g8 R' a# m! P《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
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/ u' I2 t0 C9 Q) n9 g) @康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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; O+ u; L2 l* a% M$ l! D. H Y+ e0 b* B' |雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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) I& j% h& U$ ~) e/ v清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
3 S1 \& |: A: i2 W咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 - E# w. e: T% h" y
, O! ?: P$ Z8 b7 a9 v7 [汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 . ]0 i- g: ~- \# z& M& ^' Z
) B$ C H4 v0 s9 C: c4 k4 j2 I2 W1 Q同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 / |5 F1 \2 c" o5 e* o
* T' g; o, Z% r$ X5 T蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 6 @$ m) S8 n3 u0 B8 X4 y
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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6 M2 h3 P% r/ j. g, q( U" k! ]光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” 8 B0 y4 [* V0 p" Z
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中华民国! n, W; G& I: p* \8 \0 q( a/ V
k7 t7 O9 {1 t% o7 ^鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
$ x L, `. A. ^4 G% W6 Y1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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