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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 ( x" A6 B7 h% {; k: H9 C
8 z f, \# X' Z# u: q' N) A6 g" l8 N& |天朝博弈史( E5 i! X4 q! ^! E: C$ f
8 U9 k) S1 K8 e3 v博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
$ y2 S/ r, E) K7 V) l许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
$ g7 P# {* E. N. J《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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- ]' g7 o' I1 F) `9 z( p→春秋战国+ b- A9 ~3 S& j7 @* w6 r/ \
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
9 d1 W# T' l6 k7 }0 I- C8 J《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 & K9 g! K0 h* [: C+ V5 K9 Q: ^- o
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
# I( A- z& H+ } K8 x《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。0 m' b J Z4 h7 J& {5 h
) R2 q# y/ ] ^$ X0 f' U4 i《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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4 T& P4 i2 S8 V→汉朝
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6 k: L3 P' S; S, I- L9 v) J/ _# g4 ?! L! ?8 G
汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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' ]% {+ S$ M4 s$ |; Z晋朝3 n- T! t; I! ` X
5 q0 |9 r2 J5 [" y
东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
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唐朝8 \ \( N) b+ R; l' x7 L1 K9 Q$ h2 F
9 [! x- ^5 Q; T& F3 i" ^唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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! M' j, S2 ^; r4 K( m2 j: c宋朝* p& E E; Y6 h5 H5 H z2 H
k' Q1 g* s* T6 w8 V北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
- Y; d" W1 M, [- p7 o苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”+ E7 w4 P R0 ~# Z/ L
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. k3 S$ H% i, P! C/ ~& e+ o辽、金! H& ] _, _( ]* K( d
% x4 }7 X& z8 { p0 k辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”8 p! ?4 X5 R0 ~( S l
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明朝2 ]6 P) g* `0 }1 S# x
; k. w+ m( e7 e! [
明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。( v4 V' z# v9 }2 v
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# [; [2 v- y# {+ t4 m; L( i清朝
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 ; ^ P0 a; ?. y* v& L, q
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康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 % y+ c, P K7 z: a, A7 R
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。9 l0 `: K! Q7 e! t# C6 ]9 D8 Z; \
& C0 d% i; W7 _1 s清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” ' n% t* e L0 L( _
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 1 ^* J# x# i3 o6 f' L5 Q; `( l
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 6 _% H' \; X1 q; f* t
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 / Q. t0 G0 n- w$ m8 e: |( R
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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* W# }) q; n l' n$ l" X6 \( y张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
: c: Z) W3 r; F u8 s0 D: [; O吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”1 `3 o- r- ]' P% n' E7 n
. j" T/ m% h9 O+ r0 e光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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中华民国; I# C# |8 T+ n) [
. Y/ X! k" }0 M+ L( o鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
4 s @6 C" v( |: j/ t1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” * N# o0 i/ j9 a5 D+ w* X
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