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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑
$ o v8 G. Z9 \5 m
/ K, Z) `9 E/ R+ \& L( s6 y9 p天朝博弈史
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6 J$ `$ P! Y0 `' ?( x- ]博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 ' g$ [# s0 n6 d# ]
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
4 p" ]5 C/ r6 ?! \; q, o" V1 v& N《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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→春秋战国% N/ q. k% ]* S- s. F/ k
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 ) _3 j$ j& q. `/ D
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 0 V) ~% N! T; v
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
+ _, ?; p6 F+ l3 I《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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* I- e* K9 P3 q4 W2 T5 J《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 A* c |; m, X7 a
& f& ^6 b, v; W7 v% f' k→汉朝/ i2 V* b4 o$ L& _2 e
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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→
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晋朝
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- t9 u/ {: _1 T' q$ u7 T' m东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
$ W& T; o, r4 P' ]9 X→/ n7 x4 m% c. b! r2 c8 g
. m$ m' F( v8 Q0 k1 _6 y- j唐朝
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# F/ B3 Q* s% ?- S* Z唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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宋朝$ A9 ^+ D6 B* @* k( n
) k6 t' b! a, p$ s2 ]北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
, |/ n& W6 ]: E苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。( `& _7 o* o! ?( f+ W
& T* @$ h. V/ R+ f2 \
《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”( t" p( I, |; ?0 `* l
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→! B5 d% `* u, F# s5 b8 `7 M# i
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a Q8 `' m s5 c$ n6 q! C辽、金* e% q$ b2 T/ S0 N5 K
! [! U f* j. `5 ]- F$ m5 `8 k) J* ?辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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→
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明朝
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明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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→
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( W0 }0 {: }' ^/ o& S; J e清朝' |+ c! }4 a: v& o
, k& k u M0 p9 F8 x% I* h& h" X% K《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 6 X0 ^: @0 t/ h0 f
- |5 X) ] f. }3 y6 ?. O% b8 R- A o康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。5 m1 F! P$ T+ I' Y3 s2 T; E# R! ?
, \: H1 F9 |. H" X" X0 ~清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
3 p) v# P4 A7 C5 w, Y5 J咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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0 D+ W/ l+ s: V6 I. y7 G洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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- B( @- s, l& t$ W汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。; _8 M5 p+ U; ?9 m' J2 z7 {8 N
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
- }6 t+ c8 s/ O! ^! F# y2 x吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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4 V# }" x3 Z- _+ s光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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5 @) _# c% B& c5 V# b# T8 Z" D鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
: I( x' [, m* |, J" d% a6 I1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” + p& y' G, k+ H5 `
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