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# @# E: V7 a" o U! B7 s% _' M: P1 a5 I9 E
天朝博弈史
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
0 Y3 _1 M5 q* N( ~9 {许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
# v* k6 ~/ Z& C, Y/ Z" p& R《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 * g( z) {9 {7 f
& m! ]) M: m8 l- Y6 Y& M# Z
8 y- P1 g) \* l/ {→春秋战国0 z' M6 R. x: q% K! z) ^% ?
+ A" N, m& Z% |
《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 9 J( K, l2 Y B3 ~ f# m
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 5 x) {5 J5 j3 s6 M8 ]* Y
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
" ?% F+ O# d/ t: t3 M1 ~7 Z《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。( O/ o7 }# G( H4 j# ]; B- B q
) _/ U r$ K# T8 `- h
《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
" i% C; r7 V8 [9 O
g; [$ k& V' w→汉朝
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4 e; _! ]0 c$ o
汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
4 `. K0 ~- k/ d# Z
3 t- i* E4 `4 ^→9 W5 Y6 U! `5 \! o0 Q( I n# C
3 S a) k" Y: p. ]1 g4 H晋朝9 G; |* p' r. H9 v% A) f' E1 J
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
j+ e6 t! C4 X→) t% e# p4 Y5 Y
% \7 b5 y5 L5 Z5 _
唐朝
3 k ?5 _9 _, E5 Z4 N$ H
8 Q- k% G- z. |3 N! |& m# u0 t F唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
* j+ p5 b, e" \8 ]& i0 ~! ?! a6 m1 n+ d% y
宋朝' k0 e: s3 v8 }) U3 Y0 }7 j
4 j" r. R( u/ L# @ p3 v北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 ! V% `5 o8 e: T! t
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。 w6 Y! p4 Z+ a9 w
. G. o9 L, I3 @. L, b: V ?
《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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→& U- a y9 L6 |" `, C, l
7 ]' m6 h4 D1 } G+ R# K, \
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辽、金
0 l3 D- d) C6 g8 R) @* Y% B
& m5 k/ o8 w5 N+ {! u4 T+ L2 |辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”8 o; s7 n( @' n! k4 S, S
$ p& j ^4 t5 T3 U3 j, q→, ?& p9 N+ @0 c$ ?
5 m& {/ D9 ^1 G0 v% f& [5 ?+ |% F
6 T) R" i9 z( w" c5 f1 j明朝. D; p) D. S/ ?0 [* d
) k0 Z; @ O" d9 t( E/ c明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
5 Q( i+ [9 }9 S8 o5 T1 E: G
' V, w# Y p" h: P. T% j/ ~→
) g# ]# _ Q- C- i
4 z i7 M: e2 Z Q' g8 [( e
5 m9 y8 |0 c3 L) y4 c- X清朝 I, P% z5 y$ F0 w
8 V e. ~% j. C7 d" o7 }, x3 X8 k《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
( s0 y) }7 g* M6 o
' U% c+ P( f' O( R$ N7 m康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
( I: b- ?# Y8 h, H4 `( @& ^" j% d, Y2 i7 Q, F! I' e
雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。3 q8 m0 G# v$ L/ E" J, {' v
3 L" C8 C# k9 K; n! g0 X. H9 K8 t清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” B0 S" s" l# C
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。' G9 M5 i( h2 ?
( c2 M: V- q0 H* T- O洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 " Q& A% Y% ^# s
; g1 n. x% A8 _1 u汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 |7 b! M8 G* L U) ?
7 ~* b1 v, I" I1 Q( [
同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 0 B( v+ V: ~; V1 w; [/ U0 T6 G/ P; a
# k: _0 b/ i7 _4 W+ H8 j" [: S蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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# N2 Y5 C$ w1 ^) o% o* n张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
, X2 F3 C5 t! }* r3 L) U/ z吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”, o" }# c5 e' G
o) M0 i& [8 H# l3 i# v1 J
光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
0 l, b& F/ `) H, f( Q→ G# G _3 K7 Z: z
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! L4 j+ T; j4 l6 P5 C中华民国
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, Z; C9 ]! E- c ^0 w; v鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” . B( h5 f- [. g6 W+ E
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” ! p2 ?9 ~, p' V" Y6 @
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