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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 # C# m3 g9 R/ S
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天朝博弈史
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6 \: G6 Z0 ~9 c6 b) L博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
* m1 N1 Q( }# y# W& O( f/ H" m许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
+ S$ v2 u" R: W1 O, T8 P《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 : n6 ~5 t4 J# ^' K6 h5 ^& |
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→春秋战国! J/ u! O" U' |% |5 P2 N2 q4 N
; s" ^! @ \1 N c3 t《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 * ~3 U$ P l; r: y7 ]9 ~
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 0 Y( C0 E8 x0 I0 i. E
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” 4 i& R8 v# [# w5 v5 [; A/ \9 i$ K9 [ G
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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+ z) [3 P, l! T/ g/ W0 M→汉朝
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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→
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5 e( G! P1 L% b( n晋朝
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0 w0 m# ^& ?3 R5 ~+ _东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” - s: Q6 j. Y, r8 y2 j
→
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唐朝
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5 a! X$ m3 r! r0 U7 \/ x1 a唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →4 _3 o/ a3 g2 H9 b3 Y' G7 b$ K% r2 b
) c4 s7 ^% I% ~8 [宋朝 O. Q& y* g0 } Y' \2 n& P
: X0 r, Y ~2 ?北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
5 g$ f9 e1 z7 b) y4 ~/ ]4 E苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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辽、金' |- D5 C* m- ]3 D
0 {& U, U, T7 i$ D: w辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”# K8 t7 }4 U' L0 t+ C
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明朝- b- N8 R, i0 b! b
( x; ?" a+ P: }* `5 {& X明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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4 }9 z) t# h# y3 u2 j$ t9 g清朝1 K0 b0 ~8 _. s. E
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
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* z7 d& C) G9 T0 P( n0 F) }康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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9 J( O& k/ p {! {' p8 K雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。# z1 W" m( a5 _4 i6 I) a0 t
: }7 y3 ?( [$ ?$ z! h: X5 C清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” 5 G3 h2 h" H4 j% Y# e- ?1 b/ u; k: @
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。 b0 }! x, |2 W7 s
: [) S h _% C1 F4 [; J洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 % e' Y6 o- s G) m s: G
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 & `7 y/ u3 Z7 s- [: d$ [
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 0 V* x& ~8 x* M4 l p8 |2 A" L
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 ! N& y. r/ x1 T
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”2 E5 l$ k( p5 V6 Z; l
, \ r! D& [3 s+ m" H0 o( [光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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中华民国
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, x0 T# w+ |9 c; y& ~+ D鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” ! G0 F* Y. p6 ^( a1 R9 w
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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