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7 i9 u2 _) D" y# n$ ?! y0 ], O天朝博弈史4 Z6 h; u/ ^5 n) U" i5 C; f
- K: T+ ~/ |" c* A博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
J1 z3 L* U0 k& ?( |2 _许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” 0 y" o$ S7 z4 z+ i4 l
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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, E* c$ v& l; k→春秋战国& T- Z, i" P! ^. Z9 K- H
U. {3 J B( L
《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
. I# W; ]# O$ F: V' i《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 $ G# d8 Q8 z" b2 i( C
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” & y5 B: p' w% m9 m
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。* a$ a0 T7 ?( Y
& R! w" @) l/ E5 _" B# N《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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' a3 J. |9 p: S→汉朝
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛6 k! A9 x! C# p7 r7 m! U4 A
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→
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晋朝$ P) J$ D' a' d: W4 f# g" b$ Q
5 ~' J$ U8 j% {- }9 V东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
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唐朝
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& Y& F* _3 A+ g3 [1 L9 W唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →8 A) a; y% ?( B- G
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宋朝8 k1 H# j. W4 y0 _
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北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 ; a N& e4 g9 Y8 u# U$ v7 q8 O
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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→
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辽、金9 @2 i$ x( O6 I% l' Y' F+ E- Y
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”6 D) @5 M; l7 ?4 ^4 |* c
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f/ n- H5 T- v( \$ N) E0 S1 v: R0 z/ l9 M) c* d: J" J
明朝+ v4 N ?+ z' C0 b% Z2 {+ \
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明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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→
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) [9 V3 m7 y$ |$ ~
) x# K6 k# c! I6 w( A; f清朝
# ^7 a, n' H, M) h9 }1 u# E) S
8 b- _ y6 S3 c% ~+ b《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 , |$ A8 ^( f. `, M, C9 z8 j1 U
2 `) ?, U6 ~' z
康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 ) ]. @. Z. j! j( k7 a, z" O+ }
) d2 g2 C; o6 |( h3 S
雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。/ ^& f b: m, F/ I3 O5 L" E
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” ' \0 f! R' b1 N( O: H: u/ W
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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, c# L, ?# [ ~4 N9 n3 c! ?汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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/ ^: m# p5 N4 F- _- V6 h' |8 M. C同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。. \' c8 V& s, M( e7 b
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 `+ y2 Q9 H/ s0 x3 @
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”: E. v+ Y. @0 }0 p( T
! J0 Y [$ D U) @; A- {' V* E) s1 r光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” " D. z' y; [# Y( O9 R, Z
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中华民国
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5 Y3 g% J4 r' H1 @" G1 o+ y4 d鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
# ? S2 p" @8 y$ j1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” 7 _ j c8 v+ c$ ]; v3 T% W: k
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