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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 5 P1 s# b% g/ w
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天朝博弈史8 Y: a9 L' O: J |0 J P
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
2 m& O% ]4 w* a9 ~许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
4 n' W! }( U% b A6 M# F《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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→春秋战国1 w8 ?* A% w- V4 U
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
# i2 ~2 L. C& {! Z《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
4 a$ |* ^" ~; D* N" n) s' ~《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
4 A J6 N8 ]! r j! R《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。0 i# y) ?# B# H7 D3 _: C
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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6 w# I4 ?" J4 k7 s6 \) t→汉朝5 ?/ l/ w- k, i/ C
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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晋朝
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2 ?. n8 m N! w" Z: U* ^东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” 0 W1 p# x) |& Z" E, }9 X
→
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唐朝4 }: K* K* b9 P& x3 T2 t
& [: p; X: y9 U" G9 ]唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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6 b4 i& H# }! O: `/ P宋朝+ m2 a- |9 v# @& J+ I2 N" u
8 p, j* [0 U* x% m北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 7 g* v6 H1 M; _, W
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”; |9 s: U% t" L) E8 n1 L8 K% i. G
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5 i6 E$ n8 ~* Q7 X+ V+ d辽、金
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”8 y- |: @5 M1 y. O6 J
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) k1 W+ X+ O8 w% M明朝2 ^* M( q, t' n0 m* Y1 r7 |
9 q* S, G. ~0 Q3 T, P# \: w明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。# Y: X6 E. `' E2 B
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清朝
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m) U. G9 }+ m. |' ^《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 0 M0 M1 t8 B0 _6 \
$ A( o# L$ N+ Z3 ]6 v! k+ x康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 8 }- j/ b" K* y7 ?
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。# h* ~ d* u* y, P3 _
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” 5 h* E% r0 @, ]7 h
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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8 |' V+ n& R Z4 Y. F: ^洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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/ g+ q1 t5 N+ q& U W汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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3 `6 A1 H, c2 ~同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 . P+ T1 P/ t; a& H# X" z
/ W- Y" L6 l) J$ Q9 }3 {: z R& c/ Z蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。' T- s" ]. m1 M& Q' ?
% i$ M* [* |, \/ C9 C张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 + d' ~; Z& q1 e8 Q( ^# V! }8 H
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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9 _% O% d0 E4 D7 k光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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2 |7 G4 ?, g/ i+ g鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” ' e# l& @) Z, C: L
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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