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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑
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天朝博弈史" { h1 b/ X0 D
m5 s" I6 ~% \& ?" {# y0 D博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
0 O: K7 ^; c! P, q9 G# N许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
; n, {, z: [6 ~! I9 i' t! U$ n《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 $ T) ^! F, ^* r8 m G K! I
% f4 o5 s V8 A: b6 D- J5 q
4 |/ u' p1 O" p# n$ t' n5 ~→春秋战国
. d1 b% ~4 W+ \0 j; Y3 E U. G# d4 [3 y+ C
《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
1 _) D l* |* x《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
0 k! X/ q! W! Y+ Q4 h7 W《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” : F8 d. q: h7 @ `
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 - a; k/ Z- D* V9 G- c( v6 D' ~
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→汉朝+ u" }* c9 p( _! C8 s/ m
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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* y# o5 R J. e2 m) V→
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晋朝
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- t- P' N6 A2 V7 J A+ U东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” Z& y% Z7 A9 l
→
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唐朝4 g: [$ W# I1 i7 `
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →4 K) p v! T& {
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宋朝 K/ J5 Z& Z9 F% B; |$ \
9 k K7 ]5 u8 {$ ?2 T- p
北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
+ e' _; _+ M, X6 q) L苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
8 { r8 M$ L# i% ~' }
6 Z3 W9 Z8 k/ G4 D: `《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”& y2 B- o# r3 Y% Z$ t% u
- Y G* X/ x6 E1 r0 L0 ~3 R→/ R& K3 o. H1 d# j8 P$ d6 t) i
5 ^4 r% ]1 e! C' ?% q
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辽、金
4 W: E7 `* G3 C( K( O. N4 B" h' a; `5 d) H! M7 G: E- a
辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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, |! ^! U1 Z2 ]+ B1 r, I( ]$ }→: m- X8 @/ \) `$ z( W3 J: c* n1 Z
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+ W( E' N/ u8 y5 V, [( z明朝
/ V2 N5 w4 h( C4 n7 b6 {
; }8 n4 q1 M" V( Y( I明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。! t- R+ _, ?5 x: y
" j. _* ^: p1 z0 M% ?3 C4 B→) m0 H, c& a2 H3 ^ k8 t+ ?! E
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清朝% R- L* F/ m- V! v& {4 R
7 V$ D5 O9 K+ i《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 * k# k7 x1 w& N; m0 p% c
, G/ E- V0 _) C$ I5 C7 E2 E& \康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 3 \; s" @ L9 A9 E/ n8 D6 j
4 c8 R. U7 q+ ?' a$ T% v雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。! H5 ?2 G3 @) o0 m
" [: o7 t' h; Z9 y5 t, v
清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
! A: n9 j5 M6 _. a% e0 b# Y# ~, | F咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
5 }+ A* y) w Y" O
1 G! h/ `% T- L7 T+ i* }+ p7 v汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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4 }, t* [. h. u* s* R i张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
: R1 Y5 i/ F8 q; k1 h2 y- t吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”. |4 @4 }, p0 l& c: g% ~4 T( i3 G
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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3 z- k5 v/ E% H: o G鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
V( M7 ^2 ]) E8 I% r, J1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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