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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 3 I8 G( a' j8 s+ z
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天朝博弈史/ e- S* G1 H5 g9 _3 u
# b' E9 n: c7 d( d. Y0 q博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
( W/ O, `; v( @/ B, X: _许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
! K2 E7 b: U; r+ m1 P" S《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 3 @3 r' Z/ h `7 ]. X1 [
7 w6 s9 U; N: `* N
6 b; q3 _. E7 N( q; T# g→春秋战国1 p% w/ q! x7 X1 R S
/ L/ k8 V% q( L6 l, r《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 - {) h! @. p/ Z+ ]/ F
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
7 I# q o5 }4 x) a- Z《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
' A: I) V K& ^7 z9 ~《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。& O \/ [: E* P& ~! V
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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→汉朝& U9 g- o: ?8 k. ]/ J
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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5 n9 H- x8 I) k' y) O" b→
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晋朝
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
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# ^) [% { W7 z! I& t$ t" k; g唐朝
1 Q! @ y( r& s$ {" g( F3 U1 {! A }' z& k# ~( ~
唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →- s: T6 U. m @% L3 P
3 C4 E! T+ [' Y; U: o! F宋朝
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1 Q4 q! B' Y/ I8 m9 ]" X; A北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 # c4 u: v% C7 m3 r' P
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
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$ e& ?" W: n* _' b5 u《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”' \! r/ V' [8 n) e
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1 T& m) Z) l2 b) p7 g- O辽、金3 f& F4 o+ {' [( V4 F1 X+ p
2 j1 G: B8 R" b) G5 D* u( c辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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3 m4 c: k/ Q" K5 S5 F2 P明朝( b; y9 |: f$ I9 z( k9 \ C
: J# i$ O, h" Z' q明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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+ n7 `$ a: u# S }清朝/ z4 u; [. T" G" K
* Z; t; a! l. v% h6 B/ w, h《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 0 I9 ~( {% J0 f; z
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康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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: f( `* A; ~* j3 {- N雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。# V' L' _+ W1 b2 P
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” 2 G0 T% Y$ z- V
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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; F8 m! d0 ?0 j洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 / f4 W8 k; h7 Z: r' S
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 & _/ _6 j* m& a4 B
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。- Y* k. g! g: F* T- }
3 F: H- N) i- Z* p$ \+ F) c张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 # G6 s [7 a9 m) ~+ y2 ?% ~- p
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”$ x. ?/ K9 V/ f' [* C$ Q
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” . p" t% |2 T# }: l- n8 ~2 ^
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: c2 N# g; x( V2 @. k鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” 7 G6 e/ a6 g+ ]# e) g& g- S
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” ! |# `/ n6 W& Q
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